Ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma bitanga inyungu nyinshi mu bikoresho bitandukanye mu nganda, ariko uburyo bwo gukora bushobora kugira ingaruka ku bwiza n'ubuziranenge bw'ibice bikozwe muri iki cyuma gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu byinshi.
Iyi ngingo isuzuma impamvu yo gukoresha icyuma kitagira umugese mu bice bitandukanye no mu ntera zitandukanye, kandi ikareba uruhare rwo gushushanya ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya fotokemike nk'ikoranabuhanga rishobora gutuma habaho gukora ibikoresho bishya kandi bigezweho.
Kuki wahitamo icyuma kidashonga? Icyuma kidashonga ni icyuma cyoroshye gifite chromium ya 10% cyangwa irenga (ukurikije uburemere). Kongeramo chromium biha icyuma imiterere yacyo yihariye y’icyuma kidashonga, kidashonga. Ingano ya chromium iri muri icyuma ituma habaho firime ikomeye, ifata, itagaragara, irwanya chromium oxide ku buso bw’icyuma. Iyo yangiritse mu buryo bwa mekanike cyangwa imiti, firime ishobora kwisana, iyo ogisijeni ihari (ndetse no mu rugero ruto cyane).
Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe n'izindi nshingano z'ingirakamaro z'icyuma birushaho kwiyongera binyuze mu kongera ingano ya chromium no kongeramo ibindi bintu nka molybdenum, nickel na azote.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bifite ibyiza byinshi. Icya mbere, ibikoresho birwanya ingese, kandi chromium ni ikintu gitera ibyuma bitagira umwanda gitanga ubu bwiza. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bike birwanya ingese mu kirere no mu mazi meza; ibyuma bitagira umwanda byinshi birwanya ingese mu bisubizo byinshi bya aside, alkaline, n'ibifite chlorine, bigatuma imiterere yabyo iba ingirakamaro mu nganda zitunganya.
Ibyuma byihariye bya chromium na nikeli birinda kwaguka kandi bigumana imbaraga nyinshi mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Icyuma kidafunze gikoreshwa cyane mu byuma bihindura ubushyuhe, ibishyushya cyane, amabati, ibishyushya amazi, amavali n'imiyoboro isanzwe, ndetse no mu ndege n'indege.
Isuku nayo ni ikibazo cy'ingenzi cyane. Ubushobozi bwa Stainless Steel bwo gusukurwa byoroshye bwatumye iba amahitamo ya mbere mu bijyanye n'isuku ikomeye nko mu bitaro, mu gikoni no mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa, kandi irangi ry'icyuma kitarangirika ryoroshye kubungabunga ritanga isura igezweho kandi ikurura.
Amaherezo, iyo urebye ikiguzi, urebye ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho n'umusaruro ndetse n'ikiguzi cy'ubuzima, icyuma kitagira umugese akenshi ni cyo gihendutse cyane kandi gishobora kongera gukoreshwa 100%, kikarangiza ubuzima bwose.
"Amatsinda y'ibyuma bito bito" byashushanyijwe hakoreshejwe fotokemike (harimo na HP Etch na Etchform) bishushanya ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibyuma bifite ubwiza budasanzwe ku isi. Impapuro n'amafoto byatunganyijwe biri hagati ya 0.003 na 2000 µm. Ariko, icyuma kitagira umugese gikomeje kuba amahitamo ya mbere ku bakiriya benshi b'ikigo bitewe n'uburyo gikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye, ubwinshi bw'amanota aboneka, umubare munini w'ibyuma bifitanye isano, imiterere myiza y'ibikoresho (nk'uko byasobanuwe haruguru), hamwe n'umubare munini w'ibikoresho birangira. Ni icyuma gikundwa cyane mu nganda zitandukanye, cyihariye mu gutunganya 1.4310: (AISI 301), 1.4404: (AISI 316L), 1.4301: (AISI 304) n'ibyuma bito bizwi cyane by'ibyuma bya austenitic, ferritic zitandukanye, ma Tensitic (1.4028 Mo/7C27Mo2) cyangwa ibyuma bibiri, Invar na Alloy 42.
Gukuraho icyuma hakoreshejwe agapfukamunwa gapima ubushyuhe kugira ngo hakorwe ibice by'icyuma bitunganye (photochemical etching) bifite inyungu nyinshi ziruta uburyo gakondo bwo gukora icyuma. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, gusohora icyuma hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bupima ubushyuhe bitanga ibice mu gihe bikuraho kwangirika kw'ibikoresho kuko nta bushyuhe cyangwa imbaraga bikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutunganya. Byongeye kandi, inzira ishobora gukora ibice bigoye cyane bitewe no gukuraho ibintu by'ingenzi icyarimwe hakoreshejwe ubutabire budasanzwe.
Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukata ni ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ikirahure, bityo nta mpamvu yo gutangira gukata ibumba ry'icyuma rihenze kandi rigoye kurishyiramo. Ibi bivuze ko ibicuruzwa byinshi bishobora gukosorwa nta bikoresho byangiritse na gato, bigatuma ibice bya mbere n'ibya miliyoni byakozwe bisa.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibirahuri nabyo bishobora guhindurwa no guhindurwa vuba cyane kandi mu buryo buhendutse (ubusanzwe mu isaha imwe), bigatuma biba byiza cyane mu gukora ibishushanyo mbonera no gukora ibintu byinshi. Ibi bituma habaho kunoza imiterere y'ibihangano "bidafite ingaruka" nta gihombo cy'amafaranga. Igihe cyo guhindura ibintu kivugwa ko cyihuta ku kigero cya 90% ugereranyije n'ibice byanditseho kashe, kandi bisaba ishoramari rinini mu gukoresha ibikoresho.
Ecran, Filters, Ecran na Bends. Isosiyete ishobora gushushanya ibice bitandukanye by'icyuma kitagira umugese birimo ecran, filters, ecran, flat springs na bend springs.
Imashini ziyungurura n'izicukura zirakenewe mu nzego nyinshi z'inganda, kandi abakiriya bakunze gusaba ibipimo by'ubugoranye n'ubuhanga buhanitse. Uburyo bwo gushushanya ibyuma bicukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya micrometal bukoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma bitandukanye biyungurura n'ibipimo by'inganda zikora peteroli, inganda z'ibiribwa, inganda z'ubuvuzi n'inganda z'imodoka (ibyuma biyungurura bicukura bikoreshwa mu buryo bwo gutera lisansi na hydraulics bitewe n'imbaraga zazo zo gukurura). Micrometal yateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryayo ryo gushushanya ibyuma bicukura kugira ngo yemererwe kugenzura neza uburyo bwo gushushanya mu buryo butatu. Ibi byoroshya ikorwa ry'ubuso bugoye kandi, iyo bikoreshejwe mu gukora imiyoboro n'ibice bicukura, bishobora kugabanya cyane igihe cyo gukoresha. Byongeye kandi, ibintu byihariye n'imiterere itandukanye y'ubuso bishobora gushyirwa mu muyoboro umwe nta kiguzi cyongewe.
Bitandukanye n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora imashini, gushushanya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya photochemical bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru mu gukora stencil, filters na sieve bito kandi byoroheje.
Gukuraho icyuma icyarimwe mu gihe cyo gukata bituma habaho imiterere myinshi y’imyobo idasaba ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho cyangwa imashini, kandi imiyoboro ifotora ntabwo ikoresha ibyuma kandi nta stress irimo, aho ibikoresho byangiritse aho amasahani afite imyobo ashobora kwangirika nta ngaruka.
Gushushanya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya fotochemical ntibihindura imiterere y'ubuso bw'ibikoresho biri gutunganywa kandi ntibikoresha icyuma cyangwa amasoko y'ubushyuhe kugira ngo bihindure imiterere y'ubuso. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iyi gahunda ishobora gutanga imiterere yihariye ku byuma bitarangwamo ibyuma, bigatuma biba byiza gukoreshwa mu mitako.
Ibice by'icyuma kitagira umugese byashushanyijweho ifoto nabyo bikunze gukoreshwa mu bikorwa by'ingenzi mu mutekano cyangwa mu bidukikije bikomeye - nka sisitemu za ABS zo gufunga feri na sisitemu zo gutera lisansi - kandi imiterere y'icyuma ishobora "kugorama" incuro miliyoni kuko inzira idahindura imbaraga z'icyuma. Ubundi buryo bwo gukora nk'imashini no kuyikoresha akenshi busiga uduce duto n'uduce twometseho bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere y'impeshyi.
Gushushanya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga bikuraho ahantu hashobora kwangirika mu gice cy'ibikoresho, bigatuma habaho kugorora no kuvugurura urwego rw'ibikoresho, bigatuma ibicuruzwa biramba kandi bikaba byizewe cyane.
Incamake Icyuma n'icyuma kidashonga bifite imiterere itandukanye ituma biba byiza cyane mu nganda nyinshi. Nubwo bifatwa nk'ibikoresho byoroshye gutunganya hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo bwo gukora ibyuma, gushushanya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho biha abakora ibikoresho byiza cyane iyo bakora ibice bigoye kandi by'ingenzi mu mutekano.
Gucukura ntibisaba ibikoresho bikomeye, bituma umusaruro wihuta kuva ku gukora ibintu bya prototype kugeza ku gukora ibintu byinshi, bitanga uburyohe butagira imipaka bw'ibice, bitanga ibice bidafite imipaka n'ibidahangayika, ntibigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'icyuma n'imiterere yacyo, bikora ku byuma byose, kandi bigeza ku buziranenge bwa mm ± 0.025, igihe cyose cyo gukoresha ibikoresho ni mu minsi, ntabwo ari amezi.
Uburyo bwo gushushanya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya photochemical butuma iba amahitamo meza yo gukora ibice by'icyuma kidashonga mu buryo bwinshi bukomeye, kandi bigatera udushya kuko bikuraho inzitizi zishingiye ku buhanga gakondo bwo gukora ibyuma ku bahanga mu by'ubugeni.
Ikintu gifite imiterere y'icyuma kandi kigizwe n'ibintu bibiri cyangwa byinshi bya shimi, nibura kimwe muri byo kikaba icyuma.
Igice cy'ibikoresho gifite uduce duto gikorera ku nkombe y'igikoresho mu gihe cyo gukora. Akenshi kiba gityaye. Gishobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe amadosiye y'intoki, amapine yo gusya cyangwa imikandara, amapine y'insinga, uburoso bw'imigozi, ibikoresho byo mu mazi, cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Ubushobozi bw'icyuma cyangwa ibikoresho mu kurwanya ingese no kwangirika. Ibi ni imiterere ya nikeli na chromium bikozwe mu byuma nk'icyuma kitagira umugese.
Ikintu gituma umuntu acika intege bitewe n’umuvuduko uhoraho cyangwa uhindagurika, agaciro kacyo kakaba kari munsi y’imbaraga zo gukurura z’ikintu. Umunaniro ucika buhoro buhoro, utangirira ku tuntu duto dukura bitewe n’umuvuduko uhindagurika.
Umuvuduko ntarengwa ushobora kubaho nta gutsindwa ku mubare runaka w'ingendo, keretse iyo byavuzwe ukundi, umuvuduko urahinduka burundu muri buri ngendo.
Uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gukora aho icyuma gikorerwa cyangwa gikozwe mu mashini kugira ngo igikoresho gihabwe ishusho nshya. Muri rusange, iri jambo rikubiyemo inzira nko gushushanya no gutunganya, gutunganya ubushyuhe, gufata ibikoresho no kubigenzura.
Ibyuma bitagira umugese bifite imbaraga nyinshi, birwanya ubushyuhe, birwanya cyane ibyuma kandi birwanya ingese. Ibyiciro bine rusange byakozwe kugira ngo bihuze imiterere itandukanye ya mekanike n'iy'umubiri ku bikorwa byihariye. Ibyiciro bine ni ibi bikurikira: CrNiMn 200 series na CrNi 300 series austenitic; chromium martensitic type, hakomezwa 400 series; chromium, non-komezwa 400 series ferritic; imvura-ikomera chromium-nickel alloys hamwe n'ibindi bintu byo kuvura no gukomeza gusaza.
Mu igerageza ryo gukurura, igipimo cy'umutwaro ntarengwa ugereranyije n'agace k'ibanze k'aho ibintu bihurira. Nanone byitwa imbaraga z'ikirenga. Gereranya n'imbaraga z'umusaruro.